Ga masanan ginin daular m tare da huaca, har ma da cults na hukumar, ba ga wani mutum rukunin d'aure da bauta wa wani abu d'aya kakansa ayllu (1), saboda haka, haka kuma sake a cikin wani lissafi daga al'umma broader constituting daular. Daular tabbatar masa da ayllu, amma raba su da aminci, "k'abilun" da addini. Daular ya kasu halves biyu, ya ce, "bisa" da "sassauta", sa'an nan a kasu biyu kowad'anne sassa na k'asar, Ta haka ya seyu hudu, duk biyu ideal tangaraho intersecting a Cuzco, abin da ya shafi a tsakiyar gari, duniya ta bud'e wa rantsuwa ko transpose a zana hoton quadripartite na daular, ya ce, "K'asar hud'u a yankunan" (1) Tahuantinsuyo. A gaban Augustas Inca, da yake zaune a Cuzco, wadda aka d'an rana" (Intip churin), Allah mai rai. A nasa iyali shi ne babban firist, da villac umu. A matsayinsa na ginshik'in hada kai matar ku ga masanan sauyi na takwas a gaban Augustas Hatum Tupac, wanda yake takalo karuwan Viracocha, kuma ta yi suna. Viracocha wani shafi gunzar yak'i da Andean wata alk'arya, ko watakila wani "halitta k'yuya", ana iya tunawa da almara iri iri, amma ba su yi galibin bauta. Da farko dai an masujadan hasali ma kafa da Hatum Tupac, wanda ya yi wa Viracocha da halin "baba" dace, da sauyin d'aya "kakanninsu." na daban-daban da ikona. Da acquisition Viracocha da aka haifa masa theological elaboration (wato kadan an tuna da investiture da mulki, jũna wasiyya da Viracocha zuwa Inti da Inti a gaban Augustas da formulae da kowane karãtun abin tunãwa laya zama sadaka ga Viracocha da sunan Inti, wanda yake bayyana lokutan da salla da yabon da babban baiwa amfani da aesthetic.

 

Sana'

Da Incas bar k'afãfunsa lura da su a cikin dukan wuraren da baza. Ya zauna a ko'ina da yawa, constructions Adobes a Cote D'Ivoire da dutse a Jihar Filato, wadda kullum da aminci, kuma aka jejeffe su trapezoidal. A fannin Cuzco ya gina da manyan makawa na dutse polygonal (bastions, da goyon bayan katangu ko da makawa na dutse kofa, gine-ginen nan. Da architecture Inca ta bayyana a cikin dukan mole da kyau ga Machu Picchu, birnin rediscovered tum da Hiram Bingham. Da ceramic inca glossy polychrome, suka yi k'waya vases da sauran goruna, to, madalla sāke halittarmu. Game da metallurgy, mai muhimmanci canji ya bazu a yi amfani da na tagulla a daular, amma mai kyau tanadin (figurines, kayan ado iri iri a cikin zinariya da azurfa, da aka sarrafa ya zama babban inestimable da amfani, sun yi zaton da shahararrun lambu a Haikalin da rana na Cuzco, da reproductions da zinariya da na figures k'ãra daukaka, da dabbobi da shuka, sai aka largely halakar da Spaniyanci. An lura cewar akwai kyakkyawar azama game da abin da aka yi da hannu a gaban kotu ba ma a fagen ado da ceramics ba, har ma da na sak'a da glyptic.

Janar labarai

K'ara da sm. (pl. m. , akwai (xix k'arni na 12, meso -+-zoico. Geological wad'annan al'amura (Mesozoic wad'annan al'amura, ko sakandare sai da ake kira ga bak'i da flora da fauna na tsakatsaki ce a tsakanin na yin wad'annan al'amura, Palaeozoic wad'annan al'amura, amma duk da haka, Neozoico. Saboda fitaccen ci gaban masu jan ciki ba, har ma da wad'annan al'amura, da masu jan ciki, da kuma dissemination a marine muhallin da Ammonoideidelle Ammonawa. Da Ammonawa dukansu manyan masu jan ciki, </p> <p><extinct a k'arshen Mesozoic da wannan kan kwatankwacinsa, da kuma sauran cikinsu jikan tambayoyi da muhimmancin bayanin Belemnitidi stratigraphic yadda, Rudiste, Orbitoline Globotruncane, su ba tukuna tarar da ba ta ragewa ma'anar. Da Mesozoic tãb'ab'b'iya!" 13 lokacin danginsa daga 120 zuwa 150 000 shekaru, bisa ga timescales tallafinta, kasu uku al'ada, Trias, Jurassic da Cretaceous, wanda yake durations za a ke bayani kan na 40, 45, 65 000, shekara comprised tsakanin 220 da mutane miliyan 70 tun shekaru aru-aru bisa Kulp da 30, 25, 69 000, shekara comprised tsakanin 182 da mutane miliyan 58 tun shekaru aru-aru bisa Holmes. A hawa iyaka da ya yi izni Mesozoic wajen da discrepancy tectonics sau da orogeny ercinica, amma mai yawan kãfirci da orogeny ya fi precocious a wasu wurare, ashe, wasu bambanta da Permo-Trias, inda tsawonsu tsakanin Paleozoic Mesozoic, zai yi shiru, kamar yadda aka yi rauni discrepancy da nasaba da marigayi hali, Palatina, a yammacin turai da Permo-Carbonifero, inda a maimakon da discrepancy tsakanin eras biyu yana bayyana, kamar a yankin Ural. A cikin Mesozoic wad'annan al'amura, za mu iya bambanta continental biyu complexes. Da farko ta k'unshi jimilar nahiyar arewa da tsaron arewacin tekun tlantika da Angara, wanda ya kula da ujizoji d'uriyar toshe Laurasia (1), ya rufe episodically kawai daga zurfinsa kuwa kama kafa tekuna, wani babban sashen Mesozoic wad'annan al'amura, sai dai a kan bene Cretaceous, samari da ornate arewacin rami na tsaron arewacin tekun tlantika, za a yi rabo tsakanin Arewa Amurka da Eurasia. Wani rami umurci marino (teku prawn an n wannan nahiyar Afrika, da kuma masu amfani ga zalunci da ambaliyar ruwa na Turai da Amurka ta Arewa. Na biyu na taron larabawa a farkon lokaci da nahiyar Gondwana: da bayansa kuma progressive dismemberment sun kai wa ke fuskanta ita ce, da daruna da Indian teku, a cikin Jurassic, kuma daga kudu tsaron arewacin tekun tlantika, a lokacin Cretaceous. Biyu continental makawa, an raba da kamar irin Bahar Rum tekuna da tambayoyinta dukka ujizoji geosinclinalica a fannin Tethys ko Mesogea. Kewaye da guda biyar daga tsibiran yankin teku ta fannin har abada, ci gaba da babbar hasala orogenetica. Dangane da nahiyar Turai, a kudancin tsagi ya kasance a cikin arshinsa geosinclinale na Tethys (lardin Bahar Rum, umarnansa da zafi faunas, kuma ragowar kuwa ambaliyar ta zaluncinsu powered duka da Tethys biyu daga teku prawn (lardi boreal fauna sanyi.

 

Orogeny

Da yake faruwa orogenetica a Mesozoic kowane mutum ya rage a Turai da Asiya, inda suke bayyana dai wasu daga jirajiran precursor babbar alpine puckering Himalayan - 60 mataki cimmerica tun fil azal, 'yan da kashin Austrian) a Americas auku daban-daban orogenetici paroxysms wadda za a babban rabo da d'aga da Andes (Andean manziloli Peruvian da kuma Arewa cordigliere Amirka (nevadiana manziloli, ya ce: laramica. Bak'uncinka magmatic intrusion acide sun auku a Americas (batoliti granodioritici granite, tare da yamma Cote D'Ivoire na Arewa Amurka da kudancin Andes alhãli k'ato ga shikuwa basaltic ambaliyar ruwa ta rufe umurci wurare na Brazil ta Parana (1), da kudancin afirka (1) Karroo da Indiya Deccan (1). Mesozoiche su ma demonstrations d'aukacin effusive da Dolomites da ophiolitic duwatsu a Alps da Apennines. Da sedimentary sunje muku ne ya wakilta lõkutan asuba sunã ta yin istigfãri marine da duwatsu da suka hallara limestones kamar hakan mai tsarki, dolomitic limestones da dolomite, Gessi, marls da marly limestone, sandstone conglomerate, to, dole ne zambo yanzu quartzites da quarzitoscisti da kasancewa a farko Palaeozoic wad'annan al'amura. Wad'annan bak'i daga sedimentary duwatsu masu kub'utar da cewa a lokacin Mesozoic dukkan shagulgula da kashin unconventional lõkutan asuba sunã ta yin istigfãri da k'ananan emersioni d'an kiman da lalura ne. An sami amfani mafi tsoka da saninsa da za a kai ga fad'insu tsakanin Jurassic Cretaceous da aka ambata.

 

Da climate da fauna

Ya shigo da Turai da Amurka ta Arewa sun zauna a farkon Mesozoic wad'annan al'amura, mai kyau, sun fi k'aunarki wajen equatorial shiyyar, sa'an nan za a hankali wajen motsa ambaliyar ruwa ta biyu da consequent fad'insu daga climate subequatoriale zuwa subtropical a kudancin kuma daga subtropical a cikin masu kamunkai climate, wad'anda a arewa. Kuma a cikin sauran yankunan, da Mesozoic wad'annan al'amura, sai ya fara yi jinkirin evolution da climates wajen ambaliyar ruwa ta hali. Biologically a lokacin Mesozoic nuna mafi yawa da nau'i na garkuwar jikinsu ta da ladabi ga Paleozoic, suka hallara a farkon mammals, a k'arshen Triassic a lokacin da ya tashi tun da sassafe, tsuntsaye da hakki Jurassic da aka ambata. A tsakanin sassauta vertebrates shimfida bony kifi, amphibians ne a yi k'asa, da masu jan ciki mamaye, a cikin invertebrates had'a cephalopods. A ganye saura babakerea Gymnosperms (Benettitine, Cicadine, conifers, Ginkgofite. Da kyakkyawar ganewa muhimmanci ga stratigraphy da Mesozoic wad'annan al'amura masu invertebrates Terebratulidi, Rudiste, Nerineidi, Ammonitine da Belemnitidi, micropaleontologicamente masu tak'ama Calpionelle, Orbitolinidi, Orbitoididi da Globotruncanidi.

 

K'ara da sm. (pl. m. , akwai (xix k'arni na 12, neo -+-zoico. Geological, ya yi suna ne domin flora fauna kuma akwai misaltu nau'i zaune ko daga cin kakanninsu. Sauran denomination wannan shiri, ko da yake rage talakawa, shi ne da aka antropozoica ko Antropozoico, ba abin da ya fi muhimmanci biological taro, in ba haka ba ne, explosive baza mutum. A duniya ta yi amfani da ajali Neozoico ne kusan ma ba su kasance tun da kallafa masa wahala mai hauhawa yad'a iya fahinta cewa wasu goyi bayan lõkutan asuba sunã ta yin istigfãri da mawallafan kundin sakamakon da harshen Turanci, kada su yi la'akari da Neozoico kamar yadda ake yi a kanta, amma aramin da ya fi na Cenozoic da aka ambata a rungumi da sunan quaternary ko Pleistogene, reserving zuwa ga tertiary aramin da aka yi rangwame.

 

K'ara. (pl. m. , akwai (daga endo -+jigon tattaunawa Umme rhéin,-------. Yankin cewa, wasu dalilai morphological ko climatic, zai kawo wani hydrographic crosslinked yin musũ take shirin fashewa cikin teku. Daga alfasha da wuraren endoreiche k'ud'in topographic daruna a tsakiyar da ke akwai kafa na tafkin daruna, wanda shi ne sosai, a wasu lokutan taken k'asa da na teku.

Anar kalmomin nan

K'ara da sm. (pl. m. , akwai (xix k'arni na 12, paleo -+-zoico. Geological wad'annan al'amura (Palaeozoic wad'annan al'amura, ko makarantar firamare, sai ya kira ga bak'i "" flora da fauna da ladabi ga jħre eras. A sakamakon da wanzuwar sra k'asar sun fi tun fil azal ya fi cambriani, sa'an nan a gindin Palaeozoic wad'annan al'amura, aka bayyana incompatibility tsakanin yarjejeniyar Paleozoic da Makarantar firamare, amma har yanzu ruwanku parlance ku ci gaba da su yi amfani da fahimtar juna ajali firamare, a matsayinsa na paleozoic, haka kuma bai ga bin eras da sakandare, tertiary da quaternary. Da Paleozoic tãb'ab'b'iya!" 13 lokacin danginsa daga 340 zuwa 380 miliyoyin shekaru da iznin timescale tsarinsu da farko take a anyi 000 tun shekaru aru-aru bisa Kulp da 520 Holmes na biyu. Da Palaeozoic wad'annan al'amura characterised ne da wani abin mamaki da raya rai mana idanu da hujjoji prevalence na invertebrates, a matsayinsa na Graptoliti da trilobites, har da Paleozoic shi ma ya nuna kamar yadda aka Graptoliti da trilobites, da kyakkyawar ganewa mahalarta dai shi ne na farko da kifi amphibians, da masu jan ciki, da na fari terrestrial mai ban sha'awa. Wannan kwatsam ci gaba na zaune mana idanu a yau ta wajaba a yau na gudanar da wani janar jikinsu, misali da modification da climate da/ko composizionedell horarru: wakilci ko insufficiency da kafofin yad'a labarai a k'asar precambriani ba, a'a, saboda da himmatuwa jinya da babbar metamorphism, tun da yake sun san infracambriane formations metamorphosed ba a continuity na sedimentation da duwatsu cambriane. Sa'an nan kuma, bayan da ya ambata, shi ne a kan duwatsu infracambriane, misali a wata fatalwa, a kudu da gabashin Ostireliya) a cikin natsuwa fuels kullum yana tsananin matalauta fiye da na cambriane. Mai baza da suka fi k'arfin sedimentary duwatsu na marine tushensu a Palaeozoic wad'annan al'amura da ladabi ga precambriane zunubinsu akwai mafi kyau a kan bene na tekuna. Da yawa sai duwatsu clastica jikinsu ya yi cud'anya da biye da 'ya'ya biyu orogenetici cycles, caledoniano a Paleozoic kuma sassauta ercinico a kan bene Paleozoic. Wad'annan yin hakan ya na corrugation ya yi bin wata babbar magmatic hasala da a can intrusive wayar da effusive. Ga climates ta yi imani cewa, a cikin Paleozoic gaza a antu n an ambaliyar ta yi d'umi climate sau da yawa, wad'anda suke, a yayin da na ka k'afãfunsa glaciation, a kudu Amurka da afirka ta kudu, a k'asar Australiya dai da sharud ne, wato su antu. A kan bene Paleozoic kamata ya yi a farkon sharud na 'yan shekarun climate d'umi a dukan k'asar ubangjinsa differenziatosi cleanly: k'asar paleozoici wurare girka sashen antu n yanayi da prevalence na d'umi climate, wadda a Carboniferous ya zama arfi damina da Permian zama kududdufan, da yawa daga cikin kudancin antu a maimakon nuna k'afãfunsa'abũcin glacial expansions. Wannan ne, banda rungumi k'amarin a kwatanta halin da flora da fauna fossils (misali, fauna Teromorfi masu jan ciki da flora zuwa Glossopteris, azantu da assumption a kudu Paleozoic Amurka, afirka ta kudu, lampedusa da Deccan, Ostireliya Antarctica da aka yi a nahiyar Afrika, Gondwana.

Da paleozoici cur

Da Palaeozoic kowane mutum ne a raba continental Turai a shekara biyar da, babba da mafi yawan 'yan ne Cambrian, Siluriano Devonian, ya ce, "Ga climatic taswirar da Devonian ga lemma na 14° awon tsawo." "ga climatic taswirar da Devonian gani a shafin azi dagaannabãwa da yawan fayafayan 16th." da "Carboniferous ga sha'anin dũkiyõyin nahiyoyi irin namu da tekuna a k'arshen carboniferous ga taswirar da lemma na 14° awon tsawo." "ga sha'anin dũkiyõyin nahiyoyi irin namu da tekuna a k'arshen carboniferous gani a shafin azi dagaannabãwa da yawan fayafayan 16th." da Permian. A Birtaniya za mu yanayi yadda Siluriano kawai a sashen Siluriano a k'asashen Turai da ma'ana, kuma sassauta wanda ya sanya a lokacin Ordoviciano. A Arewa Amurka ta bin subdivision turanci kuma sauyin Carboniferous biyu cur Mississippiano Pennsylvaniano kuma sami fahimi rabuwa ta shiga shekara bakwai. Da paleogeografica evolution k'asar da teku a 

Paleozoic ya nuna cewa a arewacin antu biyu babban continental talakawa, da nahiyar tsaron arewacin tekun tlantika Asiya, ko nahiyar Angara, suka rabu da "teku Rasha", ko "teku da Volga", hannu fuskanci n da umurci teku mesogeano interposed tsakanin k'asashe boreal kwaram, wad'anda a kudancin nahiyar Gondwana. Mafi daidai da tambayoyinta dukka a arewacin k'asar ta had'a da Canadian garkuwa da Greenland, majalisar d'inkin duniya ta yi kama da Laurentia, da garkuwa da Hebrides, ko ERIA, fenno garkuwa da Scandinavian da Rasha, dakali constituting da overall Fenno-Sarmazia, Siberian arshin, da garkuwa da Kolyma da Mongolian arshin. A tsakanin Laurentia da Fenno-Sarmazia ta lengthened da geosinclinale caledoniana, a lokacin Siluriano za ta shafi wata mai tarin yawa orogeny, a k'arshen da Laurentia Fenno-Sarmazia da za su zama welded domin ya yi a nahiyar Afrika tsaron arewacin tekun tlantika. Tare da yake faruwa orogenetica bayyana a cikin harshensu da orogene caledoniano, sauran corrugations ya faru da hakki sassauta Paleozoic a margin ga Siberian arshin, nw da SW, a yayin da margin ga sauran continental inke yana da muhimmanci instaurarono geosinclinali daga wanda evolution da hakki bisa Paleozoic za su gudano da sark'ok'i na corrugations ercinici. A cikin Paleozoic gaza ta gane gaban biyu masu orogenetiche mad'aurai, mesogeana, wanda yake geosinclinale caledoniana da Rasha teku ba da dependencies, interposed tsakanin talakawa mainland arewaci da kudancin lardin nan, da kuma peripacifica geosinclinale cordigliere a Amirka Andean geosinclinale geosinclinale, Adelaide. A kan bene Paleozoic ku san babban uku continental talakawa, an riga an ambaci, da Nahiyar tsaron arewacin tekun tlantika, Siberian da Gondwana. Da sharad'i na caledoniane sark'a a Devonian jawo wa formation da iko detritiche sunje muku, "Bahar Maliya sandstone tun fil azal" b'ub'b'ugarwa bazu a nahiyar tsaron arewacin tekun tlantika, ya nuna ma kamar nahiyar Bahar Maliya sandstone tun fil azal. Da ya fara Carboniferous da mai girman kai, amma teku umurci wurare! Sun bar kayayyakinsu formations marine lõkutan asuba sunã ta yin istigfãri limestone (limestone sashensu kwal" epicontinentale muhallin. A yankunan da suka bayyana a cikin zango ya tashi tun da sassafe, da orogeny ercinica zaizayar k'asa inda na fari protrusions had'a mũminai a kwazazzaban marine terrigeni suga amanoninsu fliscioide da irin wannan, kamar yadda na facies Culm ta yi saurin bazuwa a tsakiyar Turai. Da hakki da carboniferous tsakiya da ke a hawa na ci gaba da kan fito wurin k'aramar sha'erciniche sark'ok'i, a yayin da iko da alternations sediments kuma dasa rayuwar wadda za ta gudu daga suga amanoninsu kwal, dukiyarsu ko margin da sark'ok'i coalfields (1) paralici ko cikin sark'a (coalfields limnici. Da masu yawan gaske dasa gwani ya samar da ganyaye sauruka da ciwo a yankunan inda yau akwai suga amanoninsu da kwal paleozoici domin sa'an nan sun fada cikin equatorial sark'ar: paleomagnetici k'iddidiga ta amince ta kafa, sa'an nan sandunan taken, da zuriyarku geographical da halin da ambaliyar ruwa, a cikin teku da Japan da N, kuma a kudancin tsaron arewacin tekun tlantika da na, Equator ya rasu a kudancin gāb'a da Amurka da Turai. A cikin Permian a kan sha'anin dũkiyõyin climatic Idan kunã iya zarcħwa daga sãsannin ya yi kama da lamari kuwa da ambaliyar ruwa, sai ya tashi a Latitude, sa'an nan ka lura Equator su ci gaba a hankali wajen ambaliyar ruwa da wannan bayyana, misali ga zama masu buwãya sanyayawar dangantaka da climate a Arewa Amurka da Turai ko heating da sark'ar kudancin nahiyar Gondwana. Mai lardin Arewa Amurka da Turai, a cikinsu, orogeny ercinica a Permian za su kwanta a matsayi a iyyun siyasa tropical yadda yanayi da k'arfi kamar irin continental detritiche daga Bahar Maliya sandstone 'yan flore Suriya kima zafi, diffused cikin k'irãzansu na nahiyar Afrika tsaron arewacin tekun tlantika. Detritiche formations, kamar su ma ba a nahiyar Angara da na Gondwana, amma tare da flore mak'asũdi dai wani climate rage zafin rana.